28.1 Tortricinae

Forewing with 1a and 1b originating separated from base, but often converging and confluent for more than two-thirds. The species keying out here have formerly been considered as a separate family, Cochylidae.

Forewing with 1a and 1b originating separated from base, but often converging and confluent for more than two-thirds.

16.0-22.0mm. Late May to early August. Forewing greyish brown with a complicated pattern of pale and darker markings.

15.0-17.0mm. June and early July. Forewing whitish; an incomplete median fascia and a broad terminal fascia, both dark brown.

15.0-24.0mm. Late June to early August. Forewing bright yellow; confluent markings in distal third enclose a semicircular patch of ground colour.

15.0-24.0mm. May to early September. Forewing pale yellow; a ferruginous streak from disc beyond middle to tornus, sometimes additional dark markings in distal half of wing. In worn specimens the forewing may get a whitish appearance.

Mid May to early July. Dark distal two-thirds of forewing with leaden metallic striae and bright ochreous yellow costal spot beyond middle.

Mid June to early August. Forewing sometimes unicolorous, unmarked.

9.0-13.0mm. Late June to late August.

12.0-16.0mm. Mid May to early September. Forewing with irregular median fascia, narrow terminal fascia and cilia all blackish brown.

11.0-15.0mm. Late May to late August. Forewing with irregular dark brown median fascia, blackish towards costa and with narrow dark grey terminal fascia and cilia.

Forewing usually with two distinct ferruginous brown fasciae, often not complete.

Here belong species with purplish markings.

11.0-17.0mm. Mid May to early July. Forewing with spots variably edged with metallic plumbeous. Very variable species; dark markings of forewing may be enlarged and confluent or reduced, also the ferruginous markings occasionally paler coloured.

Forewing with median fascia interrupted below costa.

11.0-17.0mm. May to August. Very similar to A. piercei.

15.0-24.0mm. May to August.

15.0-19.0mm. Forewing with median fascia almost invariably clearly interrupted below costa. Late June to early September.

14.0-17.0mm. Forewing with median fascia usually not clearly interrupted. Mid May to mid July.

12.0-20.0mm. Early May to early September. Forewing with ground colour pale yellowish, irregularly suffused with pale ochreous yellow. See couplet 26.

See couplet 22.

12.0-15.0mm. Mid July to early September.

15.0-19.0mm. July and August (in Central Europe).

13.0-19.0mm. Early July to early August. Forewing with both fasciae entire.

14.0-17.0mm. May to July (in Central Europe). Forewing with fasciae variable: narrow or broad, entire or incomplete (occasionally absent), usually median fascia rather complete. See couplet 18.

14.0-17.0mm. June and July (in Britain). Forewing with fasciae very constant: median fascia constricted or interrupted below costa, postmedian fascia entire and well-developed.

12.0-17.0mm. Mid June to early September.

10.0-17.0mm. Late April to early June (in Britain to August). Forewing variably suffused with grey; median fascia narrow, poorly defined, often very obscure, usually interrupted near costa, postmedian fascia also narrow and obscure, usually entire. See couplet 35.

See couplet 18.

13.0-19.0mm. Late May and June. Forewing with rather broad median and terminal fasciae blackish brown mixed leaden metallic.

12.0-15.0mm. June and July (in Central Europe). Forewing with broad median and terminal fasciae ferruginous brown, edged darker.

19.0-23.0mm. May to July. Forewing creamy to ochreous with dark brown markings. A similar dorsal process of median fascia occurs in Aethes hartmanniana, but this process is interrupted.

Terminal fascia of forewing dark grey, mixed black and ochreous.

The forewing may be extensively suffused with ochreous and grey distally (Cochylidia rupicola, see couplet 41).

12.0-17.0mm. Late May to early September. Forewing with ground colour whitish, strigulated and blotched ochreous; median fascia blackish brown, moderately broad, entire. Hindwing male pale grey, whitish basally, or uniformly grey; hindwing female uniformly dark grey.

12.0-15.0mm. May and July, August (in Central Europe). Forewing creamy white with ochreous suffusion; median fascia blackish brown, moderately broad, entire. Hindwing brownish.

9.0-13.0mm. Late April to mid July. Forewing white suffused ochreous; median fascia entire with outer margin outward-oblique from costa and inner margin diffuse and often confluent with dark basal markings. Vertex white.

11.0-14.0mm. Form with forewing indistinctly marked. See couplets 50 and 55.

10.0-17.0mm. Hindwing male varying from nearly white to greyish brown, paler basally; hindwing female wholly suffused with greyish brown, sometimes paler basally. See couplet 26.

Hindwing grey.

Forewing with dark markings variably suffused or obliterated with grey, sometimes appearing unicolorous olive brown, the only distinct marking being the diffuse dark longitudinal patch representing the reduced median fascia; radial veins often finely lined with blackish, forming a reticulate pattern. See also couplet 56.

Forewing with similar reductions in markings as in Gynnidomorpha vectisana, but they remain usually more distinct; almost unicolorous ochreous specimens occur, as well as melanistic forms. See also couplet 56.

Cochylis hybridella sometimes has the forewing faintly rosy-tinged (see couplet 54).

10.0-17.0mm. Late June to mid August. Forewing with ground colour whitish yellow, especially with rose-pink in costal and distal areas; median fascia brownish, heavily suffused blackish dorsally; cilia ochreous yellow.

In forewing only subbasal line present.

11.0-17.0mm. Late May to early August. Forewing with median fascia ochreous brown, mixed pinkish, outward-oblique from dorsum to beyond middle, obsolescent costally; cilia ochreous yellow with darker subbasal line.

10.0-15.0mm. Late May to early September. Forewing with median fascia brownish, greyish towards costa, outward-oblique from dorsum to beyond middle, reduced to a bar or spot costally; cilia creamy yellow with well-defined blackish or dark grey subbasal line. See couplet 46.

Forewing with costa almost straight.

Forewing with costa more or less arched.

15.0-17.0mm. April to August (in Central Europe). Forewing with median fascia not reaching to costa.

18.0-25.0mm. Moths in May, July and August; in Britain July and August. Forewing with median fascia well-developed, but interrupted near costa or not reaching to costa.

13.0-21.0mm. Late May to early September. Forewing with median fascia strongly developed in dorsal half, obsolescent in costal half.

11.0-15.0mm. Early June to early August. Forewing with apex rounded; median fascia rather ill-defined, broad, reduced and darkened with blackish grey suffusion towards costa; in dark specimens the markings may appear black. Hindwing blackish grey. Vertex creamy white. Thorax ochreous to brown.

In Gynnidomorpha permixtana (see couplet 51) forewing sometimes similarly suffused dark in distal two-thirds as in Cochylidia rupicola. However, in the latter species vertex creamy white and thorax ochreous to brown and in Gynnidomorpha permixtana vertex and thorax both ochreous yellow. Moreover, hindwing in Cochylidia rupicola blackish grey and in Gynnidomorpha permixtana grey.

11.0-15.0mm. Mid May to early September. Forewing usually whitish or ochreous white, sometimes reddish ochreous, occasionally tinged with purplish; median fascia brownish, greyish dorsally, outward-oblique from dorsum, obsolescent on costa.

See couplet 40.

11.0-15.0mm. Mid May to mid August. Forewing whitish ochreous, clouded and strigulated darker ochreous; median fascia dark grey, mixed with blackish and in dorsal half variably mixed with ferruginous.

Forewing with median fascia occasionally less distinct in costal area as in Phalonidia manniana (see couplet 49).

10.0-13.0mm. Late May to early September. Forewing whitish with ochreous or yellowish shades; median fascia often less distinct in costal part, angulated above middle; small dark pre-apical spot, produced as a thick stria extending to termen above tornus; small but distinct black tornal spot; terminal area not suffused. Underside forewing with ochreous costal scratches. Vertex whitish ochreous or ochreous yellow. Thorax whitish to yellowish olive.

Forewing with median fascia occasionally darkened with grey at costa and on dorsum; sometimes an indistinct dark tornal spot.

11.0-14.0mm. Late May to mid August. Forewing pale ochreous; median fascia ochreous brown, suffused greyish on costa and dorsum, blackish scales in middle sometimes forming a stripe or spot; pre-apical spot usually strigulated or fractured in tornal area; dark tornal spot absent; terminal area not suffused. Underside forewing with ochreous yellow costal spots. Thorax and vertex pale ochreous to brownish. See couplets 34 and 55.

10.0-14.5mm. May to August. Forewing with ground colour pale ochreous; median fascia well-defined, ochreous brown, often darkened with grey at costa and on dorsum, a small patch of dark grey suffusion at middle of outer margin, emitting a dark streak from angle to tornal area; indistinct dark tornal spot. Hindwing grey. Vertex and thorax pale ochreous yellow.

11.0-14.0mm. Early June to August. Forewing with ground colour pale ochreous; median fascia well-defined, ochreous brown, not darkened with grey, with two indistinct, diffuse blackish patches, outer margin edged with plumbeous, sometimes emitting a dark streak from angle to tornal area, small dark tornal spot. Vertex pale ochreous, thorax dark brown.

10.0-15.0mm. Late June to early August. Forewing ochreous white with faint ochreous grey strigulae; median fascia blackish brown, well-developed from dorsum to middle, fractured or obsolescent in costal half.

12.0-15.0mm. Mid June to early August. Forewing ochreous white; median fascia narrow on costa and widely interrupted beneath it, costal part greyish. Hindwing pale grey.

12.0-15.0mm. Late April to mid August. Forewing white; median fascia reduced in costal half. Hindwing pale greyish brown, paler basally.

See couplets 34 and 50.

Forewing with median fascia obscure, blackish brown, often interrupted near costa, connected in middle with tornus by dark suffusion. See couplet 36.

Forewing with median fascia ochreous, well-developed and edged with plumbeous in dorsal half, absent or obsolescent in costal half. See couplet 36.

Male 15-20mm., female 17-22mm. July and early August. Male with forewing ochreous, basal half of wing with brassy tinge; median fascia narrow, brown; somewhat reticulated in terminal area. Female with forewing almost uniformly reddish brown with weak brassy sheen.

Genus Acleris except for A. bergmanniana and A. forsskaleana.

16.0-23.0mm. Mid July to February (!). Forewing very variable in coloration and markings; the most common form in The Netherlands has the forewing brownish grey with obsolescent markings; ground colour varying from ferruginous brown to pale ochreous; sometimes distinct markings, e.g. darker median fascia or reticulation, also the basal two-fifth may be distinctly paler than rest of wing.

10.5-15.0mm. Early June to early September.

18.0-22.0mm. August to November and after hibernation March to May (in Britain). One of the most variable known Lepidoptera. Forewing varying from white, creamy and orange to brown and black; the large scale-tuft varies from white to orange to brown or black; scattered smaller tufts present; pattern of markings variable; costa shallowly concave beyond middle, compare with A. hastiana, couplet 73.

18.0-22.0mm. From July and after hibernation until May. Very variable species. Forewing with numerous tufts of erect darker or paler scales; usually some irregular scattered black marks, sometimes blackish or ferruginous patches. The recurring forms are divided into two groups, viz. forms with forewing smooth-scaled, scale-tufts distinct and forms with forewing squarrose with scale-tufts comparatively indistinct. In greyish specimens the additional characteristics should be considered.

13.0-21.0mm. Late June to early November. Very variable. Forewing from pale ochreous yellow to ferruginous brown and blackish brown; brownish reticulate pattern; median fascia only in costal half, often incomplete; scale-tufts very slight. Hindwing whitish or greyish.

14.0-19.0mm. Mid June to early November. Forewing usually with basal half white or whitish, rest of wing dark; several small groups of raised scales in distal half; among others a form occurs with ground colour pale ochreous and with dark brown markings. Also a melanic form is known with blackish plumbeous forewing and indistinct markings. Hindwing grey, paler basally.

15.0-20.0mm. August and early September. One of the most constant species of the genus Acleris. Forewing with distal half suffused with reddish ochreous; central fascia brown with small scale-tufts on inner margin among which the large one; pre-apical spot diffuse, connected with lower half of termen. Hindwing whitish grey, suffused with brown.

18.0-22.0mm. Throughout the year (not found in January and February); the adult hibernates. Forewing with markings obsolescent, a dark spot in middle of disc sometimes sharply defined; often more or less distinct brownish streaks or patches; numerous scale-tufts.

15.0-19.0mm. Throughout the year (not found in December, January and February); the summer generation (from June to August) keys out here (for autumn generation see couplet 69). Forewing with markings reduced; small black scale-tufts in basal area.

15.0-19.0mm. Throughout the year (not found in December, January and February); the autumn generation (from August to June; the adult hibernates) keys out here (for summer generation see couplet 67). Forewing grey, the surface roughened with numerous concolorous scales, often mixed with brown and black; costal blotch varying from grey to deep purplish brown.

See couplet 83.

12.0-19.0mm. June, July and October; in Britain the adult hibernates (this is not yet known from The Netherlands). Forewing usually whitish grey or creamy without dark fascia; sometimes ochreous or reddish brown with less distinct costal blotch.

19.0-25.0mm. August to November and after hibernation March, April. Forewing brownish mixed greyish or yellowish, markings blackish brown, diffuse; numerous and prominent scale-tufts; roughened scales of costa more pronounced and longer than in any other Dutch species. An almost uniformly blackish brown form is known.

18.0-24.0mm. September and after hibernation March, April. Forewing with median fascia in dark specimens reduced to a pale transverse streak, not reaching to costa and dorsum, in pale specimens sometimes only the dark edge of raised scales and scale-tufts remains. Sometimes a large white scale-tuft in middle of wing. Less variable than A. hastiana, some forms of the latter species can only be reliably distinguished from A. scabrana by means of genitalia.

16.0-23.0mm. Throughout the year (not in January); the adult hibernates. With A. cristana belonging to the most variable known Lepidoptera. Forewing with ground colour from ochreous brown to grey and blackish brown with purplish tinge; basal patch and median fascia often obsolete or absent, sometimes a whitish subcostal streak or a brownish longitudinal streak or along dorsum broadly pale ochreous.

Male 13.0-16.0mm, female 11.0-14.0mm. Early July to early September. Forewing with costal blotch reaching to apex. Labial palpus with third segment distinctly narrower than distally broadened second segment.

14.0-16.0mm. July. Forewing pale ochreous; indistinct ochreous costal blotch, rarely dark brown, often reduced,.

14.0-18.0mm. Throughout the year (not in January); the adult hibernates. Forewing with ground colour pale ochreous brown varying to ferruginous brown, occasionally creamy; a tuft of black and whitish scales in disc; costal blotch brown, often obscure or broken into two or three separate spots. Specimens with coarse black irroration occur less commonly.

15.0-19.0mm. Throughout the year (not in January); the adult hibernates. Forewing with ground colour pale ochreous to reddish brown, sometimes creamy; a tuft of black and whitish scales in disc; costal blotch brownish, sometimes obsolescent or tripunctate, more often with the three spots connected or even costal blotch produced and extending to tornus. Specimens with coarse black irroration more frequent than in A. ferrugana.

13.0-16.0mm. July to September. Forewing with apex slightly produced and termen shallowly concave; dark costal blotch reaching to apical area, usually well-developed, outer margin blackish plumbeous. Hindwing whitish grey, variably strigulated with grey distally.

15.0-21.0mm. July and October. Forewing with venation paler; scale-tufts obsolete or absent; a blackish discocellular spot, occasionally enlarged or broken and reduced; also forewing occasionally traversed longitudinally by a conspicuous ferruginous streak. Tegulae without white spot.

12.0-20.0mm. October and November and after hibernation late February to early May. A form with unicolorous reddish brown forewing is known.

17.0-22.0mm. October, November and after hibernation March and April. Forewing sometimes with dark costal blotch or with costa broadly suffused with white basally or with ferruginous central longitudinal streak to apex; scale-tufts absent.

17.0-24.0mm. Late August to October; in Britain the adult hibernates. Forewing usually with some transverse series of dark grey dots; scale-tufts often absent.

July to November and after hibernation in March (rarely observed). Forewing grey, occasionally whitish grey; markings often obsolescent, indicated by ferruginous and ochreous striae, sometimes a dark costal blotch; scale-tufts slight. See couplet 70.

13.0-18.0mm., occasionally larger. Mid June to early November; the adult does not hibernate. Forewing with small scale-tufts.

15.0-20.0mm. Late June to mid October; the adult does not hibernate. Forewing with small scale-tufts.

In Exapate congelatella hind tibia only with apical pair of spurs.

20.0-27.0mm. Late June and July (in Britain). Superficially resembling Crambus perlella from which it can easily be distinguished by the much shorter labial palpus.

16.0-23.0mm. Late June to early August. Forewing with markings usually obsolescent and reduced; often unicolorous. Reminiscent of Cnephasia longana, see couplet 93.

17.0-23.0mm. Early June to early August. Forewing with markings dark grey variably mixed and edged with black; curved fascia at one-third, abruptly terminating above dorsum; median fascia oblique, inwardly usually excavated in dorsal half; colour and markings fairly constant. Differs from the similar Cnephasia stephensiana (couplet 104) as follows: labial palpus shorter, inner edge median fascia without excavation in costal half near middle, outer edge basal fascia and inner edge median fascia slightly converging towards costa and not parallel as in C. Stephensiana.

See couplet 151.

Late May to late July. Forewing male blackish brown, sparsely irrorate with whitish; markings blackish, indistinct. Forewing female heavily irrorate whitish, except the blackish markings, viz. basal fascia (often not reaching to dorsum), median fascia and pre-apical spot extending to tornal area.

October to December (in Britain), occasionally also the following spring (in Germany); the only Dutch specimen, a male, was recorded in March. Forewing greyish; longitudinal streak of whitish irroration in disc; two blackish spots in disc at one-third and two-thirds respectively. Female with reduced wings, see key for the families couplet 6.

19.0-23.0mm. Forewing ochreous, brown or greyish brown; basal patch and median fascia dark brown, diffuse, often indistinct and sometimes obsolete.

14.0-22.0mm. Late June to early September. Forewing female with sharply angulated fascia at one-third, median fascia with inner edge excavated above and below middle. Hindwing slightly translucent. In particular unicolorous males of this species may resemble Eana osseana; differences: Cnephasia longana lacks the gloss in the forewing; hindwing C. longana with veins 3 and 4 separate from cell, in E. osseana 3 and 4 stalked; labial palpus in C. longana one and a half times eye-diameter, in E. osseana two times. See couplets 88, 96 and 101.

See couplets 93 and 101.

A common form. See couplet 105.

Very rare form. See couplets 99 and 104.

15.0-19.0mm. By far the most common form in males, also occurring in females. See couplets 100 and 102.

Rare form. See couplets 97 and 104.

Rare form. See couplet 106.

15.0-19.0mm. See couplets 98 and 102.

14.0-22.0mm. Forewing greyish white or creamy; markings ochreous brown. See couplets 93 and 96.

15.0-19.0mm. Late May to early August. Forewing with fascia at one-third, median fascia slightly sinuous inwardly. See couplets 98 and 100.

18.0-22.5mm. Mid May to early July. Forewing with colour and markings comparatively constant; ground colour pale grey; markings blackish grey, speckled with black.

18.0-22.0mm; undersized specimens occur. Late May to early September. Forewing with colour and markings variable (see couplets 97 and 99). Ground colour whitish grey; markings dark grey with a slight brownish tinge, speckled with black.

15.0-17.0mm. June to early August. Forewing with fascia at one-third varying from nearly absent to entire, in the latter case indistinct near dorsum; median fascia with inner edge indented twice. The few Dutch records suggest that pale forms predominate (as in Britain).

14.0-18.0mm. Late May to early September. Forewing with coloration and markings variable (see couplet 99); fascia at one-third, indistinct near dorsum or not reaching to dorsum; median fascia with inner edge variable, usually without deep indentations.

13.0-18.0mm. Late May to early August. Forewing with coloration and markings fairly constant; fascia at one-third not reaching to dorsum; median fascia with inner edge indented twice, but not deeply. The exserted ovipositor can easily be seen without dissection; this is not possible in the other Dutch Cnephasia species.

Forewings completely without markings, such as dark dorsal spot, suffusion in small areas, distinct reticulation or strigulation.

17.0-24.0mm. Late May to early August. Forewing with costal margin narrowly edged with yellowish or whitish. Paler specimens may resemble Aphelia paleana (see couplet 112).

18.0-20.0mm. Alien. Forewing with length costa distinctly more than three times greatest width of wing; pale ochreous, glossy; no trace of markings.

Forewing with length costa two and a half to three times greatest width of wing; not glossy, but sometimes with silky sheen.

Forewing deep ochreous brown or reddish brown; unmarked form. See couplet 156.

Forewing ochreous olive or dark greyish brown with rather strong silky sheen; unmarked form. See couplet 129.

17.0-24.0mm. Late June to early August. Species with forewing unmarked. Reminiscent of rare form of A. viburnana with unmarked pale coloured forewing.

Forms with unmarked forewing. See couplet 141. Males with pale forewing can be distinguished from similarly coloured specimens of A. paleana by means of the genitalia without dissection by brushing the abdomen: the uncus is excavated apically in A. viburnana, in A. paleana it is broadly rounded.

16.0-20.0mm. Late May to early September. Forewing pale ochreous yellow; median fascia ochreous brown, slender, oblique and incomplete (present from costa to middle of wing); pre-apical spot dark brown, conspicuous, usually interrupted. Similar to Clepsis spectrana, from which it can be distinguished by means of veins 7 and 8 of forewing: they are stalked in Paramesia gnomana, separate in Clepsis spectrana.

12.0-18.0mm. Late May to mid August. Forewing with basal area blackish olive, post-median area variably mixed dark; ochreous brown semi-elliptical patch on dorsum. Forewing female paler and with distinctive square whitish yellow or greyish yellow patch near middle of costa.

13.0-17.0mm. Mid June to early September. Forewing yellowish ochre, strigulated dark brown or ferruginous; markings coloured as strigulae; basal patch faint, median fascia (sometimes interrupted) and pre-apical spot rather large. Hindwing dark brownish grey.

15.0-17.0mm. Late June to early August. Forewing ochreous yellow with fine brownish reticulation; broad median fascia and pre-apical patch reddish brown; sometimes distal half wing wholly reddish brown. Forewing male without costal fold. Hindwing dark grey.

13.0-18.0mm. Late May to early July. Forewing sometimes greyish brown with some darker suffusions only. Forewing male with strong costal fold. Hindwing pale grey.

Male 15.0-19.0mm, female 18.0-23.0mm. Early May to early November. Forewing with median fascia narrow, irregular, pre-apical spot emitting a strong stria to tornal area; markings sometimes reduced and obsolete, especially in female, occasionally almost unicolorous; female sometimes with darker reticulation. Hindwing grey.

16.0-23.0mm. Mid May to early July. Forewing with strong yellow suffusion in basal area, this may result in a yellow colour.

17.0-24.0mm. In Central Europe June to August. Forewing with markings in pale forms distinct, with basal patch, median fascia, pre-apical spot and reticulation; all Dutch specimens have reduced and indistinct markings.

Male 13,0-19.0mm, female 16.0-24.0mm. In Britain May to November. Forewing with ground colour dark ferruginous or reddish brown; markings usually indistinct.

Male 18.0-21.0mm, female 20.0-26.0mm. Late June to early September. Forewing ochreous with slight violet tinge and ferruginous markings; dorsal spot near base, absent in female; median fascia weak and usually interrupted in female. See couplet 130.

Form with hindwing without orangeous apical area. See couplet 126.

Male 16.0-21.0mm., female 20.0-28.0mm. Mid June to early October. Forewing violet brown or violet ochreous; basal patch, median fascia, costal patch and sub-terminal stria dark reddish brown. Hindwing male dark greyish brown, sometimes apical area orangeous; hindwing female orangeous from apical area to whole wing. See couplet 125.

Male 18.0-23.0mm, female 20.0-28.0mm. Late May to early October. Forewing male violet ochreous to blackish brown, sometimes violet tinge faint; dorsal spot near base, median fascia and sub-terminal stria reddish brown; in dark specimens markings less distinct. Forewing female similar to male, but with reticulate pattern and with weak and reduced markings. Hindwing male grey, orangeous apically; hindwing female dark grey with apical one-third to two-thirds orange

Male 15.0-20.0mm, female 19.0-23.0mm. Late June and July. Forewing pale brown, occasionally paler or darker; basal patch, median fascia (sometimes interrupted above middle) and pre-apical patch all dark brown. In dark females markings diffuse. Hindwing grey.

Late May to early August. Forewing pale greyish ochreous, often more yellowish; markings brown, slightly olive-tinged; basal patch with straight edge; median fascia usually entire, with inner edge straight; pre-apical patch. Hindwing grey.

July; in Britain also in August. Forewing male pale or deep ochreous yellow, female from pale ochreous to reddish brown; median fascia, pre-apical patch and incomplete sub-terminal stria all reddish brown; these markings often weak and obscure in male, in female reduced to faint lines and striae; for unmarked form see couplet 111. Hindwing pale grey.

Form of female with hindwing weakly tinged orangeous in apical area. See couplet 125.

15.0-23.0mm. Late May to early October. Forewing pale brown, sometimes slightly reddish-tinged, female more strongly strigulated with dark brown; basal patch (more distinct in dorsal half), median fascia and pre-apical patch with sub-terminal stria, all dark brown and often slightly reddish-tinged; in female markings weaker, sometimes nearly obsolete. Hindwing grey, in female apical area often orangeous.

19.0-22.0mm. Mid June to early September. Forewing pale brown, sometimes darkened to dark brownish grey or paling to ochreous white; markings dark brown; outwardly oblique spot near base; median fascia angulate in middle, edged inwardly with whitish, sub-terminal stria tapered towards tornal area. Hindwing greyish brown. For female see couplet 133.

In forewing costal part of median fascia sometimes narrow or indistinct.

Male 15.0-21.0mm, female 16.0-23.0mm. Forewing ochreous, more or less tinged dark brown; markings dark brown with ferruginous tinge; outwardly oblique dorsal spot near base; median fascia broadly connected with pre-apical patch, sub-terminal stria often narrowed and sometimes incomplete. Hindwing grey, in female sometimes tinged with yellowish.

23.0-27.0mm. Mid June to early September. Forewing brown, varying from dark brown to pale ochreous, dark brown reticulated; markings usually brown, but varying from pale ochreous to dark brown; dorsal spot near base (occasionally with complete basal patch), entire median fascia and sub-terminal stria, tapering to tornus. Hindwing greyish brown, sometimes tinged yellowish apically. For male see couplet 132.

11.0-15.0mm. Late May to mid July. Forewing blackish brown with irregular and often incomplete median fascia, along termen a streak, broad apically and tapering towards tornus, all these markings ochreous yellow; three plumbeous metallic transverse streaks.

12.0-15.0mm. Mid June to early August. Forewing with markings more or less reduced, a basal blotch and three fasciae shining bluish grey, edged ferruginous.

11.0-15.0mm. Mid May to early September. Forewing with basal patch usually brownish, followed by a pale yellow dorsal blotch; brownish median and terminal fasciae edged with plumbeous metallic dots.

18.0-22.0mm. Alien. Forewing with base frequently suffused brownish and often with weak and obscure brownish remnants of median fascia.

Late April to early August. Forewing strigulated with pale grey, markings dark reddish brown, variably mixed blackish; basal patch and median fascia present, pre-apical spot often connected with tornus.

20.0-29.0mm. Late May to mid July. Forewing sparsely strigulated dark brown. Hindwing grey.

20.0-27.0mm. Mid June to early August. Hindwing pale grey with ochreous suffusion in apical area.

14.0-19.0mm. Early June to early August. Forewing pale yellow or pale ochreous, variably strigulated and suffused with brownish; antemedian and median fasciae; pre-apical spot emitting or followed by several strigulae; all these markings brownish; sometimes fasciae weakly indicated and only more distinct near costa; also darkened forms occur with forewing partly dark brown.

19.0-24.0mm. May to August (in Germany). Forewing pale ochreous brown, strigulated ferruginous; median fascia and pre-apical costal spot ferruginous; distal area sometimes suffused with brown.

15.0-25.0mm. Mid June to early August. Forewing brownish with ochreous, greyish olive or reddish tinge; median fascia and pre-apical spot brownish, sometimes reddish-tinged; markings often indistinct and reduced, sometimes obsolescent or absent (see couplet 112).

Forewing sometimes with apex somewhat produced, but costa always curved almost to apex.

18.0-28.0mm. Late June to early October. Forewing reticulated brownish; basal patch, median fascia and pre-apical costal spot somewhat darker than ground colour and outlined dark brown; colour and markings variable, forms with markings reduced, obsolescent or even absent are known. Male with frons pale yellowish grey, in female brownish grey. Labial palpus twice length head, brownish grey, in male inner and dorsal side pale yellowish grey.

18.0-23.0mm. Late June to early September. Forewing relatively broad; reticulated dark greyish brown; basal patch, median fascia and pre-apical costal spot dark greyish brown, darker edged. Both male and female with frons brownish. Labial palpus twice length head, brownish.

16.0-24.0mm. Mid June to early October. Forewing varying from dark reddish brown to reddish ochreous; basal patch, median fascia and pre-apical costal spot darker; colour and markings forewing rather variable. Frons dark reddish brown.

18.0-24.0mm. Late June and July. Forewing reddish ochreous; basal blotch, median fascia and pre-apical costal spot brown; colour and markings very constant. Labial palpus one and a quarter length head.

16.0-24.0mm. Late May to early October. Forewing pale ochreous to pale brown; basal patch, median fascia and pre-apical costal spot brown, usually edged dark brown; basal half of wing variably suffused dorsally with blackish brown; colour and markings of forewing rather variable. Labial palpus one and a half times length head.

12.0-16.0mm. Late June to early September.

Early May to early July. Forewing often with basal half of costa and the greater part of distal third of wing pale ochreous; reduction of pale ochreous areas not uncommon. Hindwing grey with darker termen. See couplet 89.

Late May to early August. Forewing with basal patch, median fascia and pre-apical costal spot dark brown. Hindwing white or pale grey, darker distally.

14.0-22.0mm. Late June to early August. Forewing with first fascia in basal area not reaching to costa, median fascia entire, third, incomplete fascia formed by pre-apical costal spot, sometimes connected with sub-terminal spot, if present. Paler forms with reduction of markings occur, even unmarked specimens are known. Hindwing creamy or greyish white.

Form with strongly reduced markings. See couplet 155.

12.0-16.0mm. Late June and July. Forewing pale ochreous yellow to brownish; basal blotch (often absent), median fascia and pre-apical blotch (often present) all brownish. Hindwing pale grey. See couplet 154.

15.0-20.0mm. Late June to early September. Forewing pale ochreous; basal patch diffuse, median fascia with inner edge almost straight and pre-apical spot, all ochreous brown; ground colour and markings fairly constant. Hindwing whitish with tornal area broadly suffused pale grey.

15.0-24.0mm. Late April to early October. Forewing usually pale ochreous, but varying from ochreous white to reddish brown, sometimes with a greyish tinge; basal patch indistinct; median fascia diffuse or obsolescent before middle, strongly developed and darker brown towards costa; pre-apical costal patch dark brown. Variable species; markings more or less pronounced, unicolorous deep ochreous brown or reddish brown specimens occur. Hindwing whitish, pale greyish terminally, also in dark forms. See couplet 110.

17.0-21.0mm. Mid June to late August.

18.0-20.0mm. Late May to early September. Forewing greyish with blackish markings.

15.0-22.0mm. Late April to mid June. Forewing pale grey with dark brown markings.

13.0-17.0mm. Late April to mid June.

17.0-21.0mm. Mid May to mid July (in Southern Europe). Forewing greyish brown with dark brown markings.

Late May to early October. Male ochreous, sometimes reddish brown; median fascia brown, usually poorly developed. Female reddish brown with markings strongly reduced or absent, except for the two blackish dorsal spots.

May to October (in Britain). Forewing male variable, pale yellowish or pale ochreous, contrasting sharply with ferruginous, sometimes almost blackish colour of distal half of wing; specimens with pale basal half occur, resembling female. Forewing female fairly constant, rather uniformly coloured, median fascia usually reduced.